Tax inefficiency

Another disadvantage to mutual funds is that stock funds (also called equity funds) are not very “tax-efficient.” Here’s how this inefficiency plays out in your overall investment picture:

When you own individual stocks, you decide when to buy and sell them.
When you sell a stock that has increased in price, you receive a type of profit known as a capital gain. At the end of the year, you must pay taxes to the IRS on all the capital gains you enjoyed during that year. But with mutual funds, the schedule of stock purchases and sales is up to the fund manager —you don’t have control of the timing.

Fortunately, there are funds managed specifically to minimize tax inefficiency. I explain how this works in Chapter 9. Many stock investors carefully regulate their sales of stock so that they incur capital gains when the additional money is less burdensome to their tax situation. For example, a stock investor might choose to realize her capital gains during a year when her salary from work is smaller, thereby reducing her overall tax rate.
Mutual fund investing, however, means that you may receive capital gains distributions from the fund at any time. Of course, you end up paying taxes on these at the end of the year. At tax time, mutual fund firms send out copies of Tax Form 1099-DIV to their mutual fund investors. The document details taxable earnings. Don’t fail to report this income on your return; the fund company is also reporting it to the IRS, which will check for discrepancies.

If you are in a high tax bracket — that is, if your overall income is large enough to make your federal tax rate burdensome — and if you have a significant amount of money to invest in the stock market (say, $25,000 or more), you may want to consider investing in individual stocks rather than mutual funds so that you can better control the tax effects of your investments.